Update build to use C++17 compiler standard level

[jkoritzinsky]

Fixes #112419

Let's see if we break anything

[Copilot]

Pull Request Overview

This PR updates the native build configuration to use C++17 as the compiler standard level instead of C++11. This change enables the use of modern C++17 language features and standard library components throughout the native codebase.

Key changes:

• Updates CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD from 11 to 17 in the native build configuration

[am11]

A few TODOs:

• add_definitions(-DRAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX17=1) somewhere in src/native/corehost.

• runtime/src/coreclr/vm/methodtable.cpp

  Line 2793 in c1bf33e

  // TODO: templatize isManaged and use if constexpr for differences when we migrate to C++17

[jkoritzinsky]

I'll make the rapidjson change in this PR, but I want to hold off on more in-depth changes (like the riscv one) until after the upgrade PR is in (to keep this one small)