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nix-darwin-flake

TODO

Nix-Darwin, Nix-Home-Manager, & Homebrew

This repository serves as a guide for setting up and managing my macOS system using Nix-Darwin, Nix Home Manager, and Homebrew. It is designed for personal reference but can also be useful to others interested in a similar setup.

How it works:

  • The Nix package manager is used as the primary way to handle needed clitools, Languages, and apps.
  • Nix-Darwin sets up the system based on the flake.nix and the correlating files in the nix-darwin directory.
  • Nix-Home-Manager hooks into Nix-Darwin to handle the .config files and other .files in the home directory.
  • Homebrew is used to install macOS apps and fonts. This is handled by Nix-Darwin's homebrew module, and a small nix run bootstrap command installs Homebrew if it is missing.

Note

This is a first round at integrating nix-darwin, nix-home-manager, and homebrew. This is a work in progress and will be updated as I learn more. If you have any tips or know of a better way to do something, please let me know.

Warning

If you not looking to dive into the rabbit hole that is Nix, then this type of setup is not for you. It is a steep learning curve, but the benefits are worth it.

Lets dive the rabbit hole!

Rabbit Hole

Table of Contents

Nix Language Overview

The Nix language is a domain-specific, declarative, and functional language designed for defining derivations—precise descriptions of how existing files or inputs are used to generate new ones.

Tip

For a beginner-friendly introduction, visit the Introduction to Nix Language.

Language Features relevant to this setup:

Note

Will be updated as I learn more. Possibly some more examples.

Example Description
"hello world" A basic string
# Comment Simple comment
true, false Boolean values
[ 1 2 3 ] A list
{ x = 1; y = 2; } An attribute set, nearly everything is a set
"${pkgs.vim}/bin/vim" String interpolation
{ inherit pkgs; } Inherit keyword
import ./file.nix Import a Nix file
{ ... } Ellipsis (ignored arguments)
~/.config Home directory path
./relative/path Relative path
{ config, pkgs, ... }: { } Basic configuration

Install Guide for Nix-Darwin

Important

The Nix package manager is required to install nix-darwin. If you have not installed Nix, follow the instructions below.

  1. Install the Nix package manager
    Run the following command to install Nix:

    curl -sSf -L https://install.lix.systems/lix | sh -s -- install

  2. Clone the repository using a temporary Git installation
    If Git is not installed, you can use a temporary version provided by Nix:

    nix-shell -p git --run "git clone https://github.com/MillerApps/dotfiles.git ~/dotfiles"

Note

This will:

  • Temporarily use Git from Nix
  • Clone your repository
  • Create a dotfiles directory in your home folder
  • Place all repository contents in ~/dotfiles

  1. Use just temporarily to manage system commands
    If just is not installed, you can run it temporarily with Nix:

    nix-shell -p just

  2. Bootstrap nix-darwin

nix-darwin for full details see, the installation instructions at the link. Use the flake section.

Note

This installs nix-darwin using the flake feature of nix. This is the recommended way to install nix-darwin. This also assumes you cloned the repo to ~/dotfiles

Install xcode tools:

xcode-select --install

Install Homebrew once if it is not already present:

nix run "path:$HOME/dotfiles/nix-darwin#install-homebrew"

  1. Bootstrap nix-darwin
    Use the Justfile target for bootstrap, or directly run:

    nix run nix-darwin --extra-experimental-features "nix-command flakes" -- switch --flake ~/dotfiles/nix-darwin#macbook

  2. Rebuild and apply the configuration
    Use the Justfile target for switch, or directly run:

    darwin-rebuild switch --flake ~/dotfiles/nix-darwin#macbook

Note

These are the commands available in the Justfile. You can run them using just <command>. Which will be available permanently after step 5, from within the dotfiles directory.

Click to view Justfile commands
  • switch: Switch to the current flake configuration
  • bootstrap-homebrew: Install Homebrew with the flake bootstrap script
  • bootstrap: Install Homebrew if needed, then bootstrap nix-darwin
  • clean: Remove unused store entries
  • clean-all: Remove all unused store entries, including old generations
  • update: Update flake inputs
  • check: Verify configuration
  • rollback: Rollback to the previous generation
  • generations: Show system generations and available rollback targets
  • build: Build configuration without switching

Nix-Darwin directory structure

The nix-darwin directory is structured as follows:

 nix-darwin
├──  flake.lock
├──  flake.nix
├── 󱂵 home
│   ├──  default.nix
│   └──  tylermiller
│       ├──  default.nix
│       ├──  git.nix
│       ├──  lazygit.nix
│       ├──  neovim.nix
│       ├──  spiceify.nix
│       ├──  tmux.nix
│       └──  zellij.nix
└──  modules
    ├──  common
    │   ├──  nix.nix
    │   ├──  packages.nix
    │   ├──  system.nix
    │   ├──  users.nix
    │   └──  zsh.nix
    ├──  darwin
    │   ├──  homebrew.nix
    │   └──  macos.nix
    ├──  pkgs
    │   └──  homebrew-bootstrap.nix
    └──  default.nix

The modules directory splits the config into modular files, which form the overall Nix-Darwin configuration. default.nix is the container for all modules. This is automatically sourced by nix-darwin when importing ./modules in flake.nix.

Explanation of the Structure

  1. flake.nix

The primary configuration file for Nix Flakes. It defines inputs (dependencies like Nixpkgs, Home Manager, and Darwin modules) and outputs (system-wide and user-specific configurations). It serves as the entry point for building and managing the Nix-Darwin setup.

  1. flake.lock

A lock file that ensures the setup is reproducible by fixing dependencies to specific versions. This file is automatically generated and ensures consistent behavior across systems.

  1. home/ A directory containing a default.nix and a tylermiller directory. The default.nix file is the entry point for building the user setup. The file acts as an entry point for Home Manager, separating the setup from the actual configurations. The default.nix inside the tylermiller directory contains user-specific configurations, managed by Home Manager. It handles settings like shell preferences, environment variables, and dotfiles (my main use case).

  2. modules/

A collection of modular files that define specific aspects of the system or user configuration. Each file in this directory is dedicated to a particular functionality.

  • default.nix
    • This is the “main” file in the modules folder. When you import the folder, Nix automatically looks for default.nix first.
    • It imports all your other modules (like homebrew.nix, macos.nix, etc.). Essentially, it says, “Combine all these configuration pieces together into one system configuration.”
  • homebrew.nix
    • Sets up Homebrew through nix‐darwin.
    • Declares which Homebrew packages (taps, casks, and even Mac App Store apps) you want installed automatically.
    • By listing them here, nix‐darwin ensures they’re always present, keeps them updated, and so on.
  • homebrew-bootstrap.nix
    • Exposes a nix run command for installing Homebrew before the first darwin-rebuild switch.
    • Uses the official Homebrew installer and exits immediately when Homebrew is already present.
  • macos.nix
    • Tweaks macOS‐specific settings, such as:
    • Enabling sudo with Touch ID.
    • Customizing the Dock (which apps are pinned, size, etc.).
    • Finder preferences (showing hard drives on desktop, new window location, etc.).
    • Trackpad settings.
    • Think of it as your “macOS system preferences in Nix form.”
  • nix.nix
    • Adjusts how Nix itself behaves on your system.
    • For instance, it might set your nixPath, turn on experimental features like flakes, etc.
  • packages.nix
    • Declares the system packages you want installed from the Nix package collection (nixpkgs).
    • Lists things like command‐line tools (e.g., lazygit, bat, fzf, lua, etc.).
    • If you add a package here, it will be part of your system profile.
  • system.nix
    • Contains some higher‐level nix‐darwin system config, such as a stateVersion or references to Git commit hashes (so you can track system changes).
    • Not heavily used in every setup, but good for storing “top‐level” or version‐related settings.
  • users.nix
    • Defines user‐specific settings under users.users..
    • For instance, it can set the home directory or other user details.
    • In a more advanced setup, you could also manage user groups, shells, etc., but here it mainly shows where the home folder lives.
  • zsh.nix
    • Enables and configures Zsh as your login shell under nix‐darwin.
    • Sets up additional Zsh features:
    • Hooks to source Zsh plugins (e.g. zsh-autosuggestions, zsh-syntax-highlighting).
    • Paths for frameworks like oh-my-zsh and theme engines like powerlevel10k.

How It Works

  • flake.nix references ./modules and other configuration files to build the overall system and user setup.
  • The modules/default.nix file ensures that all relevant modules in the modules directory are included automatically.
  • This structure allows for a clear separation of concerns, making configurations easier to manage and extend.

Scripts

Inside the script directory is an optional minimal backup script. Its only functionality is to perform a brew bundle dump and to make a backup of the current wallpaper if it has changed.
Why brew bundle dump? Well simply in case I forgot to add the new app into homebrew.nix, this way I'm covered in case of a device failure as well.

How its used

Setup cron with the following:

crontab -e

Then use the following:

# Runs every Monday, Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday at 1PM EST
0 13 * * 0,1,3,5 /Users/tylermiller/dotfiles/script/backup.zsh && curl -H ta:smiley -d "Backup complete" https://ntfy.<ntfy-url>/cronjob || curl -H ta:worried -d "Something went wrong" https://ntfy.<ntfy-url>/cronjob

Converting Apple Key Codes (0x Format)

Command Line Methods

# Convert hex to decimal using Bash arithmetic expansion
# Bash recognizes numbers prefixed with `16#` as base-16 (hexadecimal).
echo $((16#FFFF))  # 65535
echo $((16#0050))  # 80

# Convert decimal to hex using printf
# The %X formats the number as hexadecimal, and %04X ensures padding with zeros for 4 characters.
printf '0x%04X\\n' 65535  # 0xFFFF
printf '0x%04X\\n' 80     # 0x0050

Explanation:

Hexadecimal to Decimal:

  • The 16# prefix indicates a base-16 number.
  • The $((...)) syntax evaluates arithmetic expressions and converts the hexadecimal value into its decimal equivalent.

Decimal to Hexadecimal:

  • printf with %X formats the number as hexadecimal.
  • %04X ensures the result is at least 4 characters wide, padding with zeros if necessary.
  • Adding 0x as a prefix makes it clear the output is in hexadecimal format.

Manual Conversion (Hex to Decimal)

Convert by multiplying each hex digit by its positional value (powers of 16).

Step-by-Step Process:

  1. Write the number, separating each digit.
  2. Identify the positional value of each digit (16ⁿ from right to left).
  3. Multiply each digit by its positional value.
  4. Add the results together.

Example: 0x0050

0 × 16³ (0 × 4096) = 0
0 × 16² (0 × 256)  = 0
5 × 16¹ (5 × 16)   = 80
0 × 16⁰ (0 × 1)    = 0
                    = 80

Example: 0xFFFF

F(15) × 16³ (15 × 4096) = 61,440
F(15) × 16² (15 × 256)  = 3,840
F(15) × 16¹ (15 × 16)   = 240
F(15) × 16⁰ (15 × 1)    = 15
                        = 65,535

Useful Tip for Manual Conversion:

  • Use a chart for hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F):
    Hex Digit Decimal Value
    0 0
    1 1
    2 2
    ... ...
    A 10
    B 11
    C 12
    D 13
    E 14
    F 15

Manual Conversion (Decimal to Hex)

  1. Divide the decimal number by 16.
  2. Record the remainder (this will be the least significant digit).
  3. Repeat the division with the quotient until it equals 0.
  4. Reverse the remainders to get the hexadecimal result.

Example: Convert 80 to Hex

  1. 80 ÷ 16 = 5 remainder 0 (least significant digit).
  2. 5 ÷ 16 = 0 remainder 5.
  3. Reverse the remainders: 50 (hexadecimal).

Function Key Codes

Prefix: 65535 (0xFFFF) for all function keys

Key Decimal Hex
F19 80 0x0050
F20 90 0x005A
F21 91 0x005B
F22 92 0x005C
F23 93 0x005D
F24 94 0x005E

Easier way

The easier way would be to use this handy chart from jimratliff on GitHub:

Keyboard Mapping Reference
Keyboard Label Character ASCII code (Parameter #1) Mac Virtual Key Code (Parameter #2) Layout dependence
0 0 48 029 ANSI-US
1 1 49 018 ANSI-US
2 2 50 019 ANSI-US
3 3 51 020 ANSI-US
4 4 52 021 ANSI-US
5 5 53 023 ANSI-US
6 6 54 022 ANSI-US
7 7 55 026 ANSI-US
8 8 56 028 ANSI-US
9 9 57 025 ANSI-US
A a 97 000 ANSI-US
B b 98 011 ANSI-US
C c 99 008 ANSI-US
D d 100 002 ANSI-US
E e 101 014 ANSI-US
F f 102 003 ANSI-US
G g 103 005 ANSI-US
H h 104 004 ANSI-US
I i 105 034 ANSI-US
J j 106 038 ANSI-US
K k 107 040 ANSI-US
L l 108 037 ANSI-US
M m 109 046 ANSI-US
N n 110 045 ANSI-US
O o 111 031 ANSI-US
P p 112 035 ANSI-US
Q q 113 012 ANSI-US
R r 114 015 ANSI-US
S s 115 001 ANSI-US
T t 116 017 ANSI-US
U u 117 032 ANSI-US
V v 118 009 ANSI-US
W w 119 013 ANSI-US
X x 120 007 ANSI-US
Y y 121 016 ANSI-US
Z z 122 006 ANSI-US
F1 65535 122 Independent
F2 65535 120 Independent
F3 65535 099 Independent
F4 65535 118 Independent
F5 65535 096 Independent
F6 65535 097 Independent
F7 65535 098 Independent
F8 65535 100 Independent
F9 65535 101 Independent
F10 65535 109 Independent
F11 65535 103 Independent
F12 65535 111 Independent
F13 65535 105 Independent
F14 65535 107 Independent
F15 65535 113 Independent
F16 65535 106 Independent
F17 65535 064 Independent
F18 65535 079 Independent
F19 65535 080 Independent
F20 65535 090 Independent
Keypad0 65535 082 ANSI-US
Keypad1 65535 083 ANSI-US
Keypad2 65535 084 ANSI-US
Keypad3 65535 085 ANSI-US
Keypad4 65535 086 ANSI-US
Keypad5 65535 087 ANSI-US
Keypad6 65535 088 ANSI-US
Keypad7 65535 089 ANSI-US
Keypad8 65535 091 ANSI-US
Keypad9 65535 092 ANSI-US
KeypadClear 65535 071 ANSI-US
KeypadDecimal 65535 065 ANSI-US
KeypadDivide 65535 075 ANSI-US
KeypadEnter 65535 076 ANSI-US
KeypadEquals 65535 081 ANSI-US
KeypadMinus 65535 078 ANSI-US
KeypadMultiply 65535 067 ANSI-US
KeypadPlus 65535 069 ANSI-US
Backslash \ 92 042 ANSI-US
CapsLock 65535 057 Independent
Comma , 44 043 ANSI-US
Command 65535 055 Independent
Control 65535 059 Independent
Delete 65535 051 Independent
DownArrow 65535 125 Independent
End 65535 119 Independent
Equal = 61 024 ANSI-US
Escape 27 053 Independent
ForwardDelete 65535 117 Independent
Function 65535 063 Independent
Grave ` 96 050 ANSI-US
Help 65535 114 Independent
Home 65535 115 Independent
LeftArrow 65535 123 Independent
LeftBracket [ 91 033 ANSI-US
Minus - 45 027 ANSI-US
Mute 65535 074 Independent
Option 65535 058 Independent
PageDown 65535 121 Independent
PageUp 65535 116 Independent
Period . 46 047 ANSI-US
Quote ' 39 039 ANSI-US
Return 65535 036 Independent
RightArrow 65535 124 Independent
RightBracket ] 93 030 ANSI-US
RightCommand 65535 054 Independent
RightControl 65535 062 Independent
RightOption 65535 061 Independent
RightShift 65535 060 Independent
Semicolon ; 59 041 ANSI-US
Shift 65535 056 Independent
Slash / 47 044 ANSI-US
Space 32 049 Independent
Tab 9 048 Independent
UpArrow 65535 126 Independent
VolumeDown 65535 073 Independent
VolumeUp 65535 072 Independent

Or you can use the following method:

  1. Open Keyboard in System Preferences. system preferences > Keyboard (> Shortcuts)
  2. Then change settings for what you wish to find the symbolic hotkey IDs for.
  3. Use the following Sequence of commands to get all the information you need:
# 1. Dump current symbolic hotkey mappings
defaults read com.apple.symbolichotkeys > before.plist

# 2. Dump updated symbolic hotkey mappings
defaults read com.apple.symbolichotkeys > after.plist

# 3. Compare plists to identify the Symbolic Hotkey ID and its parameter values
diff before.plist after.plist

This process captures:

  • Symbolic Hotkey ID (e.g., "163")
  • Parameter array (keycode, modifiers)
  • Type (e.g., "standard")
  • Enabled state
  • The diff will show the complete symbolic hotkey definition for the modified System Shortcut.

Nix Configuration Example

"com.apple.symbolichotkeys" = {
  AppleSymbolicHotKeys = {
    "163" = {  # Notification Center
      enabled = true;
      value = {
        parameters = [ 
          65535     # Function key prefix (0xFFFF)
          80        # Key code (F19 = 0x0050)
          0         # No modifiers
        ];
        type = "standard";
      };
    };
  };
};

Neovim Keybinds

<leader> is mapped to Space.

Core Editing and Navigation

Mode Keybind Action
Normal <Esc> Clear search highlight
Normal [d Go to previous diagnostic
Normal ]d Go to next diagnostic
Normal <leader>e Show diagnostic float
Normal <leader>q Open diagnostic quickfix list
Normal <C-h> Move focus to the left split
Normal <C-l> Move focus to the right split
Normal <C-j> Move focus to the lower split
Normal <C-k> Move focus to the upper split
Normal <A-h> Indent current line left
Normal <A-j> Move current line down
Normal <A-k> Move current line up
Normal <A-l> Indent current line right
Visual <A-h> Indent selected lines left
Visual <A-j> Move selected lines down
Visual <A-k> Move selected lines up
Visual <A-l> Indent selected lines right
Insert <A-h> Indent current line left and return to insert mode
Insert <A-j> Move current line down and return to insert mode
Insert <A-k> Move current line up and return to insert mode
Insert <A-l> Indent current line right and return to insert mode
Normal <C-s> Save file
Normal <C-x> Save and quit
Normal <C-q> Quit all
Insert <C-j> Accept Copilot suggestion
Normal <leader>l Open :Lazy

File Trees and File Managers

Mode Keybind Action
Normal <C-n> Toggle NvimTree
Normal <leader>E Focus NvimTree
Normal - Open parent directory with Oil
Normal <leader>- Open Yazi at the current file
Normal <leader>cw Open Yazi in the current working directory
Normal <C-y> Resume the last Yazi session

Buffer Management

Mode Keybind Action
Normal <A-,> Go to previous buffer
Normal <A-.> Go to next buffer
Normal <A-<> Move buffer left
Normal <A->> Move buffer right
Normal <A-1> Go to buffer 1
Normal <A-2> Go to buffer 2
Normal <A-3> Go to buffer 3
Normal <A-4> Go to buffer 4
Normal <A-5> Go to buffer 5
Normal <A-6> Go to buffer 6
Normal <A-7> Go to buffer 7
Normal <A-8> Go to buffer 8
Normal <A-9> Go to buffer 9
Normal <A-0> Go to last buffer
Normal <A-p> Pin or unpin buffer
Normal <A-c> Close buffer
Normal <C-p> Pick buffer
Normal <Space>bb Sort buffers by buffer number
Normal <Space>bd Sort buffers by directory
Normal <Space>bl Sort buffers by language
Normal <Space>bw Sort buffers by window number

Search and Telescope

Mode Keybind Action
Normal <leader>sh Search help tags
Normal <leader>sk Search keymaps
Normal <leader>sf Search files
Normal <leader>ss Search Telescope pickers
Normal <leader>sw Search current word
Normal <leader>sg Live grep project
Normal <leader>sd Search diagnostics
Normal <leader>sr Resume last Telescope picker
Normal <leader>s. Search recent files
Normal <leader><leader> Find existing buffers
Normal <leader>/ Fuzzy search current buffer
Normal <leader>s/ Live grep open files
Normal <leader>sn Search Neovim config files

Inside Telescope pickers, use <C-/> in insert mode or ? in normal mode to show picker-local help.

LSP

These mappings are buffer-local and only become available after an LSP attaches.

Mode Keybind Action
Normal gd Go to definition
Normal gr Go to references
Normal gI Go to implementation
Normal gD Go to declaration
Normal K Show hover documentation
Normal <leader>D Show type definitions
Normal <leader>ds Search document symbols
Normal <leader>ws Search workspace symbols
Normal <leader>rn Rename symbol
Normal <leader>ca Code action

Git, Terminal, and Utility Tools

Mode Keybind Action
Normal, Visual <leader>gB Open Git browse
Normal <leader>gb Show Git blame for current line
Normal <leader>gf Open LazyGit file history
Normal <leader>gg Open LazyGit
Normal <leader>gl Open LazyGit log for cwd
Normal <leader>un Dismiss all notifications
Normal, Terminal <A-t> Toggle floating terminal
Normal, Terminal ]] Jump to next reference
Normal, Terminal [[ Jump to previous reference
Normal <leader>dd Enable dim mode
Normal <leader>do Disable dim mode

Notes, Images, and Writing

Mode Keybind Action
Normal <leader>of Search Obsidian files
Normal <leader>os Quick switch Obsidian note
Normal <leader>on Create new Obsidian note
Normal <leader>ol Follow Obsidian link
Normal <leader>ob Show Obsidian backlinks
Normal <leader>ot Browse Obsidian tags
Normal <leader>p Paste image from system clipboard
Visual <leader>fc Create a code image with Freeze

Debugging

Mode Keybind Action
Normal <leader>bt Toggle breakpoint
Normal <leader>bc Continue debugger
Normal <leader>bx Terminate debugger
Normal <leader>bo Step over

Resources - learning

About

Possibly the most overkill config setup I've had to date!

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macos nix nix-darwin nix-flake

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