diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 64327fb86ac..4a8a6424c92 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -8554,6 +8554,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tokio",
  "tokio-stream",
  "tracing",
+ "url",
  "vortex",
  "vortex-utils",
  "walkdir",
diff --git a/vortex-datafusion/Cargo.toml b/vortex-datafusion/Cargo.toml
index c929b1befc1..03bb7491157 100644
--- a/vortex-datafusion/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vortex-datafusion/Cargo.toml
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ object_store = { workspace = true }
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt-multi-thread", "fs"] }
 tokio-stream = { workspace = true }
 tracing = { workspace = true }
+url = { workspace = true }
 vortex = { workspace = true, features = ["object_store", "tokio"] }
 vortex-utils = { workspace = true, features = ["dashmap"] }
 
diff --git a/vortex-datafusion/tests/schema_evolution.rs b/vortex-datafusion/tests/schema_evolution.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e18979d9721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vortex-datafusion/tests/schema_evolution.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright the Vortex contributors
+
+//! Test that checks we can evolve schemas in a cmpatible way across files.
+
+use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Schema, SchemaRef};
+use datafusion::arrow::array::StringViewArray;
+use datafusion::arrow::compute::concat_batches;
+use datafusion::datasource::listing::{ListingOptions, ListingTable, ListingTableConfig};
+use datafusion::execution::SessionStateBuilder;
+use datafusion::execution::context::SessionContext;
+use datafusion_common::arrow::array::{ArrayRef as ArrowArrayRef, RecordBatch};
+use datafusion_common::record_batch;
+use datafusion_datasource::ListingTableUrl;
+use datafusion_expr::col;
+use object_store::ObjectStore;
+use object_store::memory::InMemory;
+use object_store::path::Path;
+use std::sync::{Arc, LazyLock};
+use url::Url;
+use vortex::arrow::FromArrowArray;
+use vortex::file::WriteOptionsSessionExt;
+use vortex::io::{ObjectStoreWriter, VortexWrite};
+use vortex::session::VortexSession;
+use vortex::{ArrayRef, VortexSessionDefault};
+use vortex_datafusion::{VortexFormat, VortexFormatFactory};
+
+static SESSION: LazyLock<VortexSession> = LazyLock::new(|| VortexSession::default());
+
+fn register_vortex_format_factory(
+    factory: VortexFormatFactory,
+    session_state_builder: &mut SessionStateBuilder,
+) {
+    if let Some(table_factories) = session_state_builder.table_factories() {
+        table_factories.insert(
+            datafusion::common::GetExt::get_ext(&factory).to_uppercase(), // Has to be uppercase
+            Arc::new(datafusion::datasource::provider::DefaultTableFactory::new()),
+        );
+    }
+
+    if let Some(file_formats) = session_state_builder.file_formats() {
+        file_formats.push(Arc::new(factory));
+    }
+}
+
+fn make_session_ctx() -> (SessionContext, Arc<dyn ObjectStore>) {
+    let factory: VortexFormatFactory = VortexFormatFactory::new();
+    let mut session_state_builder = SessionStateBuilder::new().with_default_features();
+    register_vortex_format_factory(factory, &mut session_state_builder);
+    let ctx = SessionContext::new_with_state(session_state_builder.build());
+    let store = Arc::new(InMemory::new());
+    ctx.register_object_store(&Url::parse("s3://in-memory/").unwrap(), store.clone());
+
+    (ctx, store)
+}
+
+async fn write_file(store: &Arc<dyn ObjectStore>, path: &str, records: &RecordBatch) {
+    let array = ArrayRef::from_arrow(records, false);
+    let path = Path::from_url_path(path).unwrap();
+    let mut write = ObjectStoreWriter::new(store.clone(), &path).await.unwrap();
+    SESSION
+        .write_options()
+        .write(&mut write, array.to_array_stream())
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    write.shutdown().await.unwrap();
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_filter_with_schema_evolution() {
+    let (ctx, store) = make_session_ctx();
+
+    // file1 only contains field "a"
+    write_file(
+        &store,
+        "files/file1.vortex",
+        &record_batch!(("a", Utf8, vec![Some("one"), Some("two"), Some("three")])).unwrap(),
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    // file2 only contains field "b"
+    write_file(
+        &store,
+        "files/file2.vortex",
+        &record_batch!(("b", Utf8, vec![Some("four"), Some("five"), Some("six")])).unwrap(),
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    // Read the table back as Vortex
+    let table_url = ListingTableUrl::parse("s3://in-memory/files").unwrap();
+    let list_opts = ListingOptions::new(Arc::new(VortexFormat::new(SESSION.clone())))
+        .with_session_config_options(ctx.state().config())
+        .with_file_extension("vortex");
+
+    let table = ListingTable::try_new(
+        ListingTableConfig::new(table_url)
+            .with_listing_options(list_opts)
+            .infer_schema(&ctx.state())
+            .await
+            .unwrap(),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let table = Arc::new(table);
+
+    let df = ctx.read_table(table).unwrap();
+
+    let table_schema = Arc::new(df.schema().as_arrow().clone());
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        table_schema.as_ref(),
+        &Schema::new(vec![
+            Field::new("a", DataType::Utf8View, true),
+            Field::new("b", DataType::Utf8View, true),
+        ])
+    );
+
+    // Filter the result to only the values from the first file
+    let result = df
+        .filter(col("a").is_not_null())
+        .unwrap()
+        .collect()
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    let table = concat_batches(&table_schema, result.iter()).unwrap();
+
+    // We read back the full table, with nulls filled in for missing fields
+    assert_eq!(
+        table,
+        record_batch(
+            &table_schema,
+            vec![
+                Arc::new(StringViewArray::from(vec![
+                    Some("one"),
+                    Some("two"),
+                    Some("three"),
+                ])) as ArrowArrayRef,
+                Arc::new(StringViewArray::from(vec![Option::<&str>::None, None, None])) as ArrowArrayRef,
+            ]
+        )
+    );
+}
+
+fn record_batch(
+    schema: &SchemaRef,
+    fields: impl IntoIterator<Item = ArrowArrayRef>,
+) -> RecordBatch {
+    RecordBatch::try_new(schema.clone(), fields.into_iter().collect()).unwrap()
+}