PythonForDataScienceV1/Chapter2.html at main · Umersaeed81/PythonForDataScienceV1 · GitHub

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Chapter2</title><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/require.js/2.1.10/require.min.js"></script>


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<style type="text/css">
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/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/


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/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
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/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/


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.p-DockPanel-handle[data-orientation='horizontal']:after,
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-DockPanel-handle[data-orientation='horizontal']:after {
  left: 50%;
  min-width: 8px;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-DockPanel-handle[data-orientation='vertical']:after,
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-DockPanel-handle[data-orientation='vertical']:after {
  top: 50%;
  min-height: 8px;
  transform: translateY(-50%);
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-DockPanel-overlay, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-DockPanel-overlay {
  z-index: 3;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  pointer-events: none;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-DockPanel-overlay.p-mod-hidden, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-DockPanel-overlay.lm-mod-hidden {
  display: none !important;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-Menu, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-Menu {
  z-index: 10000;
  position: absolute;
  white-space: nowrap;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  overflow-y: auto;
  outline: none;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-Menu-content, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-Menu-content {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: table;
  list-style-type: none;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-Menu-item, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-Menu-item {
  display: table-row;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-Menu-item.p-mod-hidden,
.p-Menu-item.p-mod-collapsed,
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-Menu-item.lm-mod-hidden,
.lm-Menu-item.lm-mod-collapsed {
  display: none !important;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-Menu-itemIcon,
.p-Menu-itemSubmenuIcon,
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-Menu-itemIcon,
.lm-Menu-itemSubmenuIcon {
  display: table-cell;
  text-align: center;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-Menu-itemLabel, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-Menu-itemLabel {
  display: table-cell;
  text-align: left;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-Menu-itemShortcut, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-Menu-itemShortcut {
  display: table-cell;
  text-align: right;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-MenuBar, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-MenuBar {
  outline: none;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-MenuBar-content, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-MenuBar-content {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  list-style-type: none;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p--MenuBar-item, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-MenuBar-item {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-MenuBar-itemIcon,
.p-MenuBar-itemLabel,
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-MenuBar-itemIcon,
.lm-MenuBar-itemLabel {
  display: inline-block;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-ScrollBar, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-ScrollBar {
  display: flex;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-ScrollBar[data-orientation='horizontal'],
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-ScrollBar[data-orientation='horizontal'] {
  flex-direction: row;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-ScrollBar[data-orientation='vertical'],
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-ScrollBar[data-orientation='vertical'] {
  flex-direction: column;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-ScrollBar-button, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-ScrollBar-button {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-ScrollBar-track, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-ScrollBar-track {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  flex: 1 1 auto;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-ScrollBar-thumb, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-ScrollBar-thumb {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  position: absolute;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-SplitPanel-child, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-SplitPanel-child {
  z-index: 0;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-SplitPanel-handle, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-SplitPanel-handle {
  z-index: 1;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-SplitPanel-handle.p-mod-hidden, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-SplitPanel-handle.lm-mod-hidden {
  display: none !important;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-SplitPanel-handle:after, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-SplitPanel-handle:after {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  content: '';
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-SplitPanel[data-orientation='horizontal'] > .p-SplitPanel-handle,
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-SplitPanel[data-orientation='horizontal'] > .lm-SplitPanel-handle {
  cursor: ew-resize;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-SplitPanel[data-orientation='vertical'] > .p-SplitPanel-handle,
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-SplitPanel[data-orientation='vertical'] > .lm-SplitPanel-handle {
  cursor: ns-resize;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-SplitPanel[data-orientation='horizontal'] > .p-SplitPanel-handle:after,
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-SplitPanel[data-orientation='horizontal'] > .lm-SplitPanel-handle:after {
  left: 50%;
  min-width: 8px;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-SplitPanel[data-orientation='vertical'] > .p-SplitPanel-handle:after,
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-SplitPanel[data-orientation='vertical'] > .lm-SplitPanel-handle:after {
  top: 50%;
  min-height: 8px;
  transform: translateY(-50%);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-TabBar, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabBar {
  display: flex;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-TabBar[data-orientation='horizontal'], /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabBar[data-orientation='horizontal'] {
  flex-direction: row;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-TabBar[data-orientation='vertical'], /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabBar[data-orientation='vertical'] {
  flex-direction: column;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-TabBar-content, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabBar-content {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  list-style-type: none;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-TabBar[data-orientation='horizontal'] > .p-TabBar-content,
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabBar[data-orientation='horizontal'] > .lm-TabBar-content {
  flex-direction: row;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-TabBar[data-orientation='vertical'] > .p-TabBar-content,
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabBar[data-orientation='vertical'] > .lm-TabBar-content {
  flex-direction: column;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-TabBar-tab, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabBar-tab {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  overflow: hidden;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-TabBar-tabIcon,
.p-TabBar-tabCloseIcon,
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabBar-tabIcon,
.lm-TabBar-tabCloseIcon {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-TabBar-tabLabel, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabBar-tabLabel {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  overflow: hidden;
  white-space: nowrap;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-TabBar-tab.p-mod-hidden, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabBar-tab.lm-mod-hidden {
  display: none !important;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-TabBar.p-mod-dragging .p-TabBar-tab, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabBar.lm-mod-dragging .lm-TabBar-tab {
  position: relative;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-TabBar.p-mod-dragging[data-orientation='horizontal'] .p-TabBar-tab,
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabBar.lm-mod-dragging[data-orientation='horizontal'] .lm-TabBar-tab {
  left: 0;
  transition: left 150ms ease;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-TabBar.p-mod-dragging[data-orientation='vertical'] .p-TabBar-tab,
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabBar.lm-mod-dragging[data-orientation='vertical'] .lm-TabBar-tab {
  top: 0;
  transition: top 150ms ease;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */
.p-TabBar.p-mod-dragging .p-TabBar-tab.p-mod-dragging
/* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabBar.lm-mod-dragging .lm-TabBar-tab.lm-mod-dragging {
  transition: none;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-TabPanel-tabBar, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabPanel-tabBar {
  z-index: 1;
}


/* <DEPRECATED> */ .p-TabPanel-stackedPanel, /* </DEPRECATED> */
.lm-TabPanel-stackedPanel {
  z-index: 0;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

@charset "UTF-8";
/*!

Copyright 2015-present Palantir Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.

*/
html{
  -webkit-box-sizing:border-box;
          box-sizing:border-box; }

*,
*::before,
*::after{
  -webkit-box-sizing:inherit;
          box-sizing:inherit; }

body{
  text-transform:none;
  line-height:1.28581;
  letter-spacing:0;
  font-size:14px;
  font-weight:400;
  color:#182026;
  font-family:-apple-system, "BlinkMacSystemFont", "Segoe UI", "Roboto", "Oxygen", "Ubuntu", "Cantarell", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", "Icons16", sans-serif; }

p{
  margin-top:0;
  margin-bottom:10px; }

small{
  font-size:12px; }

strong{
  font-weight:600; }

::-moz-selection{
  background:rgba(125, 188, 255, 0.6); }

::selection{
  background:rgba(125, 188, 255, 0.6); }
.bp3-heading{
  color:#182026;
  font-weight:600;
  margin:0 0 10px;
  padding:0; }
  .bp3-dark .bp3-heading{
    color:#f5f8fa; }

h1.bp3-heading, .bp3-running-text h1{
  line-height:40px;
  font-size:36px; }

h2.bp3-heading, .bp3-running-text h2{
  line-height:32px;
  font-size:28px; }

h3.bp3-heading, .bp3-running-text h3{
  line-height:25px;
  font-size:22px; }

h4.bp3-heading, .bp3-running-text h4{
  line-height:21px;
  font-size:18px; }

h5.bp3-heading, .bp3-running-text h5{
  line-height:19px;
  font-size:16px; }

h6.bp3-heading, .bp3-running-text h6{
  line-height:16px;
  font-size:14px; }
.bp3-ui-text{
  text-transform:none;
  line-height:1.28581;
  letter-spacing:0;
  font-size:14px;
  font-weight:400; }

.bp3-monospace-text{
  text-transform:none;
  font-family:monospace; }

.bp3-text-muted{
  color:#5c7080; }
  .bp3-dark .bp3-text-muted{
    color:#a7b6c2; }

.bp3-text-disabled{
  color:rgba(92, 112, 128, 0.6); }
  .bp3-dark .bp3-text-disabled{
    color:rgba(167, 182, 194, 0.6); }

.bp3-text-overflow-ellipsis{
  overflow:hidden;
  text-overflow:ellipsis;
  white-space:nowrap;
  word-wrap:normal; }
.bp3-running-text{
  line-height:1.5;
  font-size:14px; }
  .bp3-running-text h1{
    color:#182026;
    font-weight:600;
    margin-top:40px;
    margin-bottom:20px; }
    .bp3-dark .bp3-running-text h1{
      color:#f5f8fa; }
  .bp3-running-text h2{
    color:#182026;
    font-weight:600;
    margin-top:40px;
    margin-bottom:20px; }
    .bp3-dark .bp3-running-text h2{
      color:#f5f8fa; }
  .bp3-running-text h3{
    color:#182026;
    font-weight:600;
    margin-top:40px;
    margin-bottom:20px; }
    .bp3-dark .bp3-running-text h3{
      color:#f5f8fa; }
  .bp3-running-text h4{
    color:#182026;
    font-weight:600;
    margin-top:40px;
    margin-bottom:20px; }
    .bp3-dark .bp3-running-text h4{
      color:#f5f8fa; }
  .bp3-running-text h5{
    color:#182026;
    font-weight:600;
    margin-top:40px;
    margin-bottom:20px; }
    .bp3-dark .bp3-running-text h5{
      color:#f5f8fa; }
  .bp3-running-text h6{
    color:#182026;
    font-weight:600;
    margin-top:40px;
    margin-bottom:20px; }
    .bp3-dark .bp3-running-text h6{
      color:#f5f8fa; }
  .bp3-running-text hr{
    margin:20px 0;
    border:none;
    border-bottom:1px solid rgba(16, 22, 26, 0.15); }
    .bp3-dark .bp3-running-text hr{
      border-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15); }
  .bp3-running-text p{
    margin:0 0 10px;
    padding:0; }

.bp3-text-large{
  font-size:16px; }